. Synthetic sapphire discs or components are flat, round, square, square discs or shapeless components made of synthetic sapphire, an artificially produced crystal of aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ). Synthetic sapphire discs/components are usually produced using the Czochralski process. It involves melting a small crystal of sapphire in a molten aluminum oxide crucible and then slowly extracting it while simultaneously rotating. This crystal growth creates a cylindrical crystal, which is then cut into slices. . Synthetic sapphire discs have the following properties: - With a Mohs hardness of 9, sapphire disc is the second hardest material in the world after diamond. - Sapphire disc is transparent and transmits light in the visible and infrared range. - Sapphire discs have a high melting temperature of 2050 °C and are therefore very heat-resistant. - Sapphire discs are resistant to most chemicals. - Sapphire disc is corrosion resistant and will not rust. . Sapphire discs are used in a variety of applications, such as: Watch cases and watch glasses: Sapphire glass is often used in high-quality watches because it is extremely scratch-resistant. Unlike regular glass or plastic, which can easily scratch, sapphire crystal maintains its clarity and aesthetics over long periods of time. Smartphone displays: The high hardness and scratch resistance of sapphire glass make it an ideal material for smartphone displays. Users don't have to worry about scratches from everyday use, increasing the longevity of the screen. Optical windows and lenses: Sapphire crystal provides exceptional optical clarity, which is important in many applications, such as: B. in the laser, medical and image processing industries. Its transparency and low absorption make it ideal for optical systems where precision and image quality are critical. Camera Protective Covers: The hardness of sapphire crystal provides excellent protection for camera lenses, especially in environments where they are subjected to high stress. This helps maintain image quality and avoid expensive repairs. Aerospace Sensor Covers: Sapphire crystal is ideal for use in aerospace applications due to its high strength, hardness and resistance to extreme temperatures. It protects sensors from damage and provides a clear view for collecting data. Scientific instruments: Sapphire glass is used in laboratories and research facilities due to its chemical resistance and stability in aggressive environments. It is resistant to acids, alkalis and other chemical substances, which makes it suitable for various experiments and analysis. In all of these applications, sapphire crystal offers a combination of hardness, scratch resistance, optical clarity and chemical resistance, making it a versatile material for a variety of demanding applications.
. Synthetic sapphire discs offer the following advantages over natural sapphire discs: Higher Quality: Synthetic sapphire discs are typically of higher quality than natural sapphire discs because they are free of inclusions and impurities.
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. Features Summary:
The synthetic sapphire has excellent properties: • excellent transmission (permeable in the broad spectrum - from UV to IR) • inert and highly resistant to aggressive media • excellent thermal conductivity (especially in cryogenic temperatures) • also excellent heat resistance and thermal shock resistance • Brilliant scratch and abrasion resistance • Best corrosion and abrasion resistance • extreme hardness (the hardest material after diamond!) • best electrical properties (high electrical resistance, high dielectric constant)
. The combination of high modulus of elasticity, extreme hardness, excellent optical properties as well as mechanical and chemical resilience offers crystal clear advantages for sapphire over conventional glasses or ceramics.
. Sapphire windows have good ansmissivity and high permeation ratio when the wavelength is from 0,2 to 5,5. . The infrared transmission ratio will not alter with temperature changes. . Therefore, as the best window materials, the sapphire is widely used in infrared receipts, satellites , missiles, medical equipment, space technology, instruments and lasers.
. Features in detail:
. Crystalline structure of sapphire slices Sapphire is a trigonal crystal, meaning its crystal structure belongs to the trigonal crystal system. The crystal system is defined by three axes of equal length that intersect at an angle of 120°. The unit cell of sapphire consists of two aluminum atoms and six oxygen atoms. The aluminum atoms are located in the center of the unit cell and the oxygen atoms are located at the corners. The crystal structure of sapphire is very stable and explains many of its unique properties, such as: B. its hardness, light transmission and heat resistance. Sapphire discs can be made as single crystals or polycrystals. Single crystals consist of a single, continuous crystal lattice, while polycrystals consist of many small crystals randomly linked together. Single crystal sapphire discs are typically of higher quality than polycrystal sapphire discs because they have no grain boundaries that can affect the material properties. However, single crystal sapphire discs are also more expensive and difficult to produce. Sapphire slices can be cut in different directions, which can affect the properties of the slice. The most commonly used orientation is the c orientation, where the crystal axis is perpendicular to the surface of the disk.
. Melting point of sapphire discs The melting point of sapphire discs is 2050 °C. This is an extremely high temperature, well above the melting temperature of most other materials. Sapphire's high melting temperature makes it an ideal material for applications exposed to high temperatures. Factors affecting melting point: - Purity: The purity of the sapphire has an influence on the melting point. The purer the sapphire, the higher the melting point. Comparison with other materials: - Diamond: Diamond has the highest melting point of all known materials (3550 °C) Meaning of melting point: The high melting point of sapphire discs is of great importance for many applications. For example, sapphire disks are used in the semiconductor industry as a substrate for the production of gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors. GaAs semiconductors are used in high-performance electronics that can be exposed to high temperatures.
. Thermal expansion index of sapphire discs The thermal expansion index of sapphire discs is a measure of how much the disc expands when temperature changes. It is usually given in °C^(-1). The thermal expansion index of sapphire discs is between 5,5 x 10^(-6) °C^(-1) und 6,5 x 10^(-6) °C^(-1). The exact value depends on the crystal direction and the clarity of the sapphire. For comparison: the thermal expansion index of steel is around 12 x 10^(-6) °C^(-1)and that of glass is around 9 x 10^(-6) °C^(-1). This means that sapphire discs expand less than steel and glass when temperature changes. The low thermal expansion of sapphire discs has several advantages: - Thermal stability: Sapphire discs are thermally stable and do not deform with changes in temperature. This makes them ideal for applications in high temperature environments. Due to their low thermal expansion, sapphire discs are used in a variety of applications, such as: - Watch glasses: Sapphire glasses are scratch-resistant and shatterproof and can withstand high temperatures.
. Conductivity of sapphire disks Sapphire discs, which are made of crystalline aluminum oxide (Al2O3), are inherent insulators and therefore have very low electrical conductivity. The intrinsic conductivity of pure sapphire is in the range of 10^-14 bis 10^-16 S/cm at room temperature. Factors affecting conductivity: - Impurities: Foreign atoms, such as B. Iron or titanium, can significantly increase the conductivity of sapphire. Typical applications: - Insulation material: Due to their low conductivity, sapphire disks are used as insulation material in electronics.
. Specific resistance of sapphire discs The specific resistance of sapphire disks is a measure of their ability to impede the flow of electrical current. It is given in ohmmeters (Ωm) and depends on the purity, doping and crystal structure of the sapphire. Typical values: - Highly pure, undoped sapphire: 10^15 to 10^18 Ωm Influencing factors: - Purity: Impurities in sapphire reduce the specific resistance. Applications: - Insulation material: Due to its high specific resistance, sapphire is used as an insulation material in electronic components.
. Dielectric constant of sapphire disks The dielectric constant of sapphire disks, also called relative permittivity, describes the material's ability to store an electric field. It is an important factor in the use of sapphire disks in electronic applications. The dielectric constant of synthetic sapphire is typically between 9.4 and 10.2. The exact value depends on the crystal direction and the doping of the sapphire. Influencing factors: The dielectric constant of sapphire discs can be influenced by various factors, such as: - Crystal direction: The dielectric constant is highest in the c-axis direction of the sapphire and lowest in the a-axis direction. Applications: The dielectric constant of sapphire discs plays an important role in the following applications: - Semiconductor industry: Sapphire disks are used as a substrate for the production of gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors. Sapphire's high dielectric constant helps improve the electrical properties of the GaAs layer.
. Density of sapphire discs The density of sapphire disks is approximately 4.0 g/cm³. This means that 1 cm³ of sapphire weighs 4.0 grams. The density of sapphire can vary slightly depending on its clarity and crystal structure. The density of sapphire is higher than that of most other materials, including glass and plastic. This makes sapphire discs strong and durable. The density of sapphire disks can be measured by various methods, such as: B. by the Archimedes method or by using a pycnometer. Sapphire's density is an important property for many of its applications. For example, sapphire is used in watch glasses and other optical applications due to its high density. The density of sapphire also makes it suitable for use in the semiconductor industry.
. Compressive strength of sapphire discs The compressive strength of sapphire discs is a complex issue that depends on several factors such as: - Type of sapphire disc: There are different types of sapphire discs that differ in their production and properties. Synthetic sapphire discs are typically made using the Czochralski process, while natural sapphire discs are obtained from mining sapphire crystals. Typical values: The compressive strength of sapphire disks is usually between 2 GPa and 4 GPa. Synthetic sapphire discs generally have a higher compressive strength than natural sapphire discs. Influencing factors: - Hardness: The hardness of sapphire is an important factor in its compressive strength. The harder the sapphire, the higher the pressure resistance. Brittleness: Sapphire is a brittle material that can suddenly break under high loads.
. Modulus of elasticity of sapphire disks The elastic modulus of sapphire disks, also known as Young's modulus, describes the relationship between stress and strain of the material. It is a measure of how stiff a material is. Elastic modulus of synthetic sapphire: - E-modulus (c-direction): 348 GPa E-modulus (a-direction): 374 GPa Elastic modulus of natural sapphire: - E-modulus (c-direction): 344 GPa E-modulus (a-direction): 370 GPa
The elastic modulus of sapphire discs can be influenced by various factors, such as: - Crystal direction: The elastic modulus is slightly lower in the c-direction (perpendicular to the hexagonal axis) than in the a-direction (parallel to the hexagonal axis).
. Bending strength of sapphire discs The bending strength of sapphire disks is an important measure of their resistance to bending loads. It is usually given in MPa (megapascals) and describes the maximum stress that a sapphire disc can withstand before it breaks. The bending strength of sapphire disks depends on a number of factors, such as: - Material: The bending strength of synthetic sapphire discs is generally higher than that of natural sapphire discs. The bending strength of sapphire disks is typically between 250 MPa and 500 MPa. Influencing factors: - Hardness: The hardness of sapphire is an important factor in its bending strength. The harder the material, the higher the bending strength. Improvement in bending strength: The bending strength of sapphire disks can be improved by various processes, such as: - Doping: Doping sapphire with certain elements can increase its flexural strength.
. Tensile strength of sapphire discs The tensile strength of sapphire discs is a measure of their resistance to tensile loads. It is usually given in megapascals (MPa). The tensile strength of sapphire discs depends on a number of factors including: - Type of Sapphire: Natural sapphire discs generally have a higher tensile strength than synthetic sapphire discs. Typical values for the tensile strength of sapphire disks: Natural sapphire discs: 2500-3500 MPa & Synthetic sapphire discs: 2000-3000 MPa (For comparison: the tensile strength of steel is around 1500 MPa.) The high tensile strength of sapphire discs makes them ideal for applications where they are subjected to high loads , such as: - Optical windows: Sapphire disks are used in optical windows because they can withstand high pressure and temperature loads.
. Poisson's Ratio of Sapphire Discs The Poisson ratio of sapphire disks, also called the transverse contraction ratio, describes the ratio of the lateral contraction to the axial expansion of the material. It is an important material property that must be taken into account when characterizing the mechanical behavior of sapphire disks under load. Poisson's ratio of synthetic sapphire: The Poisson's ratio of synthetic sapphire is typically between 0.27 and 0.31. However, the exact value may depend on the crystal orientation, purity and doping of the material. Influencing factors: - Crystal orientation: The Poisson's ratio of sapphire depends on the direction. The highest Poisson's ratio is measured in the c-axis direction, while the lowest Poisson's ratio is measured in the a-axis direction. Effects: Poisson's ratio plays an important role in calculating stresses and strains in sapphire disks under load. It is also relevant for determining the flexural strength and fracture toughness of the material.
. Hardness of sapphire discs The hardness of sapphire discs is one of their most important properties and makes them suitable for a wide range of applications. Sapphire discs have a Mohs hardness of 9, which means they are the second hardest material in the world after diamond. Hardness comparison: Glass has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6, quartz has a hardness of 7 and steel has a hardness of 7 to 8. The high hardness of sapphire discs offers the following advantages: - Scratch resistance: Sapphire discs are extremely scratch-resistant and are therefore often used in applications where they are exposed to high mechanical stress, e.g. B. in watch glasses and optical windows. The hardness of sapphire discs can be influenced by various factors, such as: - Purity: The purity of the sapphire affects its hardness. The purer the sapphire, the harder it is. The hardness of sapphire discs can be tested using various methods, such as: - Mohs hardness test: The Mohs hardness test is a procedure for determining the hardness of materials by scratching with reference minerals.
. Refractive index of sapphire discs The refractive index of sapphire discs depends on the wavelength of the light and the direction of the crystal. In the visible light spectrum, the refractive index of sapphire is between 1.76 and 1.77. More precise values: . Sodium light (λ = 589 nm): n = 1,762
Anisotropy: Sapphire is an anisotropic material, meaning the refractive index depends on the direction of light in the crystal. The refractive index is slightly higher parallel to the c-axis (nω) than perpendicular to the c-axis (nε).
. nω: 1,768 - 1,772 Applications: The refractive index of sapphire discs is used in a variety of applications, such as: - Optical lenses: Sapphire disks are used for the production of optical lenses due to their high refractive index and low dispersion.
. Double refraction of sapphire disks Sapphire is a birefringent material. This means that light passing through a sapphire disk is split into two beams that have different polarization directions. This effect occurs because sapphire crystals have an anisotropic structure, meaning their properties are different in different directions. The birefringence of sapphire disks is caused by the arrangement of the atoms in the sapphire crystal. The atoms are arranged in a hexagonal structure that has two optical axes. Light passing through the crystal is divided into two rays, an ordinary ray and an extraordinary ray. The ordinary ray vibrates parallel to the optical axis while the extraordinary ray vibrates perpendicular to the optical axis. The birefringence of sapphire discs has various effects: - Polarization: The two beams that are divided by the sapphire disk are polarized differently. The ordinary ray is linearly polarized while the extraordinary ray is elliptically polarized. The birefringence of sapphire discs is used in various applications, such as: - Polarization optics: Sapphire disks are used in polarization optics to polarize and analyze light.
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